도서 정보
도서 상세설명
Editors xv
Prime Contributors xvii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxvii
Abbreviations & Acronyms xxix
Introduction to UWB Signals and Systems Andreas F. Molisch 1
History of UWB 1
Motivation 3
Large Absolute Bandwidth 3
Large Relative Bandwidth 5
UWB Signals and Systems 6
Impulse Radio 6
DS-CDMA 8
OFDM 9
Frequency Hopping 10
Radar 11
Geolocation 11
Frequency Regulation 12
Applications, Operating Scenarios and Standardisation 13
System Outlook 15
References 16
Fundamentals 19
Introduction to Part I Wasim Q. Malik David J. Edwards 21
Fundamental Electromagnetic Theory Mischa Dohler 25
Introduction 25
Maxwell\'s Equations 25
Differential Formulation 25
Interpretation 26
Key to Antennas and Propagation 27
SolvingMaxwell\'s Equations 28
Harmonic Representation 29
Resulting Principles 30
References 30
Basic Antenna Elements Mischa Dohler 31
Introduction 31
Hertzian Dipole 31
Far-Field - Fraunhofer Region 33
Near-Field-Fresnel Region 33
Antenna Parameters and Terminology 34
Polarisation 34
Power Density 35
Radiated Power 36
Radiation Resistance 31
Antenna Impedance 37
Equivalent Circuit 37
Antenna Matching 38
Effective Length and Area 38
Friis\' Transmission Formula 39
Radiation Intensity 39
Radiation Pattern 39
(Antenna) Bandwidth 41
Directive Gain, Directivity, Power Gain 41
Radiation Efficiency 42
Basic Antenna Elements 42
Finite-Length Dipole 42
Monopole 44
Printed Antennas 45
Wideband and Frequency-Independent Elements 45
References 47
Antenna Arrays Ernest E. Okon 49
Introduction 49
Point Sources 49
Point Sources with Equal Amplitude and Phase 50
Point Sources with Equal Amplitude and 180 Degrees Phase Difference 53
Point Sources of Unequal Amplitude and Arbitrary Phase Difference 53
The Principle of Pattern Multiplication 55
Linear Arrays of n Elements 56
Linear Broadside Arrays with Nonuniform Amplitude Distributions 58
The Binomial Distribution 59
The Dolph-Tschebyscheff Distribution 59
Planar Arrays 62
Rectangular Arrays 62
Circular Arrays 63
Design Considerations 65
Mutual Coupling 65
Array Gain 65
Summary 66
References 66
Beamforming Ben Allen 67
Introduction 67
Historical Aspects 67
Concept of Spatial Signal Processing 68
Antenna Arrays 69
Linear Array 70
Circular Array 71
Planar Array 72
Conformal Arrays 72
Adaptive Array Systems 73
Spatial Filtering 73
Adaptive Antenna Arrays 74
Mutual Coupling and Correlation 74
Beamforming 75
Adaptive Antenna Technology 75
Beam Steering 78
Grating Lobes 83
Amplitude Weights 84
Window Functions 85
Summary 86
References 87
Antenna Diversity Techniques Junsheng Liu Wasim Q. Malik David J. Edwards Mohammad Ghavami 89
Introduction 89
A Review of Fading 89
Signal Fading 90
Channel Distribution 91
Receive Diversity 93
Single Branch without Diversity 93
General Combining Schemes for Receive Diversity 95
Maximum Ratio Combining 96
Equal Gain Combining 98
Selection Combining and Switched Diversity 99
Fading Correlation 99
Transmit Diversity 100
Channel Unknown to the Transmitter 101
Channel Known to the Transmitter 102
MIMO Diversity Systems 102
References 103
Antennas for UWB Communications 105
Introduction to Part II Ernest E. Okon 107
Theory of UWB Antenna Elements Xiaodong Chen 111
Introduction 111
Mechanism of UWB Monopole Antennas 112
Basic Features of a CPW-Fed Disc Monopole 112
Design Analysis 118
Operating Principle of UWB Monopole Antennas 120
Planar UWB Monopole Antennas 121
CPW-Fed Circular Disc Monopole 121
Microstrip Line Fed Circular Disc Monopole 125
Other Shaped Disc Monopoles 129
Planar UWB Slot Antennas 132
Microstrip/CPW Feed Slot Antenna Designs 132
Performance of Elliptical/Circular Slot Antennas 134
Design Analysis 138
Time-Domain Characteristics of Monopoles 140
Time-Domain Performance of Disc Monopoles 142
Time-Domain Performance of Slot Antenna 143
Summary 144
Acknowledgements 144
References 144
Antenna Elements for Impulse Radio Zhi Ning Chen 147
Introduction 147
UWB Antenna Classification and Design Considerations 148
Classification of UWB Antennas 148
Design Considerations 150
Omnidirectional and Directional Designs 153
Omnidirectional Roll Antenna 153
Directional Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna 155
Summary 160
References 161
Planar Dipole-like Antennas for Consumer Products Peter Massey 163
Introduction 163
Computer Modelling and Measurement Techniques 164
Bicone Antennas and the Lossy Transmission Line Model 164
Planar Dipoles 167
Bowtie Dipoles 167
Elliptical Element Dipoles 171
Fan Element Dipoles 173
Diamond Dipoles 176
Practical Antennas 178
Printed Elliptical Dipoles 178
Line-Matched Monopoles 185
Vivaldi Antenna 189
Summary 194
Acknowledgements 195
References 195
UWB Antenna Elements for Consumer Electronic Applications Dirk Manteuffel 197
Introduction 197
Numerical Modelling and Extraction of the UWB Characterisation 199
FDTD Modelling 199
UWB Antenna Characterisation by Spatio-Temporal Transfer Functions 201
Calculation of Typical UWB Antenna Measures from the Transfer Function of the Antenna 202
Example 204
Antenna Design and Integration 205
Antenna Element Design and Optimisation 206
Antenna Integration into a DVD Player 208
Antenna Integration into a Mobile Device 211
Conclusion 213
Propagation Modelling 214
System Analysis 215
Conclusions 218
References 220
Ultra-wideband Arrays Ernest E. Okon 221
Introduction 221
Linear Arrays 221
Broadside Array 222
End-fire Array 222
End-fire Array with Increased Directivity 224
Scanning Arrays 224
Null and Maximum Directions for Uniform Arrays 225
Null Directions 225
Maximum Directions 226
Circle Representations 228
Phased Arrays 230
Element Spacing Required to Avoid Grating Lobes 231
Elements for UWB Array Design 232
Modelling Considerations 234
Feed Configurations 234
Active Array 235
Passive Array 235
Design Considerations 238
Summary 239
References 240
UWB Beamforming Mohammad Ghavami Kaveh Heidary 241
Introduction 241
Basic Concept 242
A Simple Delay-line Transmitter Wideband Array 243
Angles of Grating Lobes 246
Inter-null Beamwidth 248
UWB Mono-pulse Arrays 249
Problem Formulation 249
Computed Results 251
Summary 257
References 258
Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWB Communications 259
Introduction to Part III Mischa Dohler Ben Allen 261
Analysis of UWB Signal Attenuation Through Typical Building Materials Domenico Porcino 265
Introduction 265
A Brief Overview of Channel Characteristics 267
The Materials Under Test 270
Experimental Campaign 272
Equipment Configuration 275
Results 278
Conclusions 281
References 281
Large- and Medium-scale Propagation Modelling Mischa Dohler Junsheng Liu R. Michael Buehrer Swaroop Venkatesh Ben Allen 283
Introduction 283
Deterministic Models 284
Free-space Pathloss - Excluding the Effect of Antennas 284
Free-space Pathloss - Considering the Effect of Antennas 287
Breakpoint Model 291
Ray-tracing and FDTD Approaches 296
Statistical-Empirical Models 297
Pathloss Coefficient 297
Shadowing 301
Standardised Reference Models 303
IEEE 802.15.3a 304
IEEE 802.15.4a 304
Conclusions 306
References 306
Small-scale Ultra-wideband Propagation Modelling Swaroop Venkatesh R. Michael Buehrer Junsheng Liu Mischa Dohler 309
Introduction 309
Small-scale Channel Modelling 310
Statistical Characterisation of the Channel Impulse Response 310
Deconvolution Methods and the Clean Algorithm 312
The Saleh-Valenzuela Model 312
Other Temporal Models 316
Spatial Modelling 321
IEEE 802.15.3a Standard Model 324
IEEE 802.15.4a Standard Model 325
Summary 327
References 327
Antenna Design and Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWB Wireless BAN Yang Hao Akram Alomainy Yan Zhao 331
Introduction 331
Propagation Channel Measurements and Characteristics 332
Antenna Element Design Requirements for WBAN 332
Antennas for UWB Wireless BAN Applications 333
On-Body Radio Channel Measurements 335
Propagation Channel Characteristics 338
WBAN Channel Modelling 345
Radio Channel Modelling Considerations 346
Two-Dimensional On-Body Propagation Channels 349
Three-Dimensional On-Body Propagation Channels 350
Pathloss Modelling 351
UWB System-Level Modelling of Potential Body-Centric Networks 353
System-Level Modelling 353
Performance Analysis 354
Summary 355
References 358
Ultra-wideband Spatial Channel Characteristics Wasim Q. Malik Junsheng Liu Ben Allen David J. Edwards 361
Introduction 361
Preliminaries 361
UWB Spatial Channel Representation 362
Characterisation Techniques 363
Increase in the Communication Rate 364
UWB Channel Capacity 364
Capacity with CSIR Only 365
Capacity with CSIT 366
Statistical Characterisation 366
Experimental Evaluation of Capacity 367
Signal Quality Improvement 370
UWB SNR Gain 371
SNR Gain with CSIR Only 371
SNR Gain with CSIT 371
Statistical Characterisation 372
Experimental Evaluation of Diversity 372
Coverage Range Extension 375
Performance Parameters 375
Spatial Fading Correlation 375
Eigen Spectrum 377
Angular Spread 379
Array Orientation 379
Channel Memory 380
Channel Information Quality 380
Summary 381
References 381
UWB Radar, Imaging and Ranging 385
Introduction to Part IV Anthony K. Brown 387
Localisation in NLOS Scenarios with UWB Antenna Arrays Thomas Kaiser Christiane Senger Amr Eltaher Bamrung Tau Sieskul 389
Introduction 389
Underlying Mathematical Framework 394
Properties of UWB Beamforming 398
Beamloc Approach 401
Algorithmic Framework 403
Time-delay Estimation 404
Simulation Results 406
Conclusions 410
References 410
Antennas for Ground-penetrating Radar Ian Craddock 413
Introduction 413
GPR Example Applications 413
GPR for Demining 413
Utility Location and Road Inspection 414
Archaeology and Forensics 416
Built-structure Imaging 418
Analysis and GPR Design 419
Typical GPR Configuration 419
RF Propagation in Lossy Media 420
Radar Waveform Choice 423
Other Antenna Design Criteria 424
Antenna Elements 425
Dipole, Resistively Loaded Dipole and Monopoles 425
Bicone and Bowtie 426
Horn Antennas 428
Vivaldi Antenna 428
CPW-fed Slot Antenna 429
Spiral Antennas 429
Antenna Measurements, Analysis and Simulation 430
Antenna Measurement 430
Antenna Analysis and Simulation 432
Conclusions 433
Acknowledgements 434
References 434
Wideband Antennas for Biomedical Imaging Ian Craddock 437
Introduction 437
Detection and Imaging 437
Breast Cancer Detection Using Radio Waves 437
Radio-wave Imaging of the Breast 438
Waveform Choice and Antenna Design Criteria 440
Antenna Elements 441
Dipoles, Resistively Loaded Dipoles and Monopoles 441
Bowtie 442
Horn Antennas 443
Spiral Antennas 443
Stacked-patch Antennas 444
Measurements, Analysis and Simulation 445
Antenna Measurement 445
Antenna Analysis and Simulation 446
Conclusions 447
Acknowledgements 448
References 448
UWB Antennas for Radar and Related Applications Anthony K. Brown 451
Introduction 451
Medium- and Long-Range Radar 452
UWB Reflector Antennas 453
Definitions 453
Equivalent Aperture Model for Impulse Radiation 454
Parabolic Antenna 456
UWB Feed Designs 459
Feed Pattern Effects 460
Phase Centre Location 460
Input Impedance 460
Polarisation 460
Blockage Effects 461
Feeds with Low Dispersion 461
Planar Spiral Antennas 461
TEM Feeds 462
Impulse Radiating Antenna (IRA) 466
Summary 468
References 468
Index 471