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PART 1 Prelude: Of Stars and Atoms 1
CHAPTER 1 The Way of Science: Experience and Reason 2
CHAPTER 2 Atoms: The Nature of Things 29
PART 2 The Newtonian Universe: A Clockwork Kingdom 51
CHAPTER 3 How Things Move: Galileo Asks the Right Questions 52
CHAPTER 4 Why Things Move as They Do 70
CHAPTER 5 Newton’s Universe 90
PART 3 Transition to the New Physics 115
CHAPTER 6 Conservation of Energy: You Can’t Get Ahead– 116
CHAPTER 7 Second Law of Thermodynamics: –and You Can’t Even Break Even 135
CHAPTER 8 Light and Electromagnetism 162
CHAPTER 9 Electromagnetic Radiation and Global Climate Change 190
PART 4 The Post-Newtonian Universe: The Observer Intrudes 219
CHAPTER 10 The Special Theory of Relativity 220
CHAPTER 11 The General Theory of Relativity and the New Cosmology 248
CHAPTER 12 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 272
CHAPTER 13 The Quantum Idea 298 CHAPTER 14 The Quantum Universe 320
PART 5 Within the Atom: Fire of the Nucleus, Fire of the Sun 353
CHAPTER 15 The Nucleus and Radioactivity: A New Force– 354
CHAPTER 16 Fusion and Fission: –and a New Energy 380
CHAPTER 17 The Energy Challenge 408
CHAPTER 18 Quantum Fields: Relativity Meets the Quantum 439
Epilogue: Summing Up 469
ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED CONCEPTUAL EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS A-1
GLOSSARY G-1
PHOTO CREDITS P-1
INDEX I-1
CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xvii
PART 1 PRELUDE OF STARS AND ATOMS 1
CHAPTER 1The Way of Science: Experience and Reason 2
1.1 Stardust: An Invitation to Science 2
1.2* Observing the Night Sky 4
1.3* Ancient Greek Theories: An Earth-Centered Universe 8
1.4* Copernicus’s Theory: A Sun-Centered Universe 14
1.5* Kepler’s Theory: A Sun-Focused Universe 17
1.6* Science: A Dialogue Between Nature and Mind 19
1.7* The Copernican Revolution: Dawn of the Modern Age 23
Answers, concepts, review, exercises 26
CHAPTER 2 Atoms: The Nature of Things 29
2.1 The Greek Atom: The Smallest Pieces 29
2.2 Atoms and Molecules 32
2.3 The Atom’s Explanatory Power: The Odor of Violets 34
2.4 Metric Distances and Powers of 10 37
2.5 The Incredible Smallness of Atoms 38
2.6 Atomic Materialism: Atoms and Empty Space 41
2.7 Three Atomic Models: Greek, Planetary, and Quantum 43
2.8 Chemistry and Life: What Did Atoms Ever Do for You? 44 Answers, concepts, review, exercises 47
PART 2 THE NEWTONIAN UNIVERSE: A CLOCKWORK KINGDOM 51
CHAPTER 3How Things Move: Galileo Asks the Right Questions 52
3.1 Aristotelian Physics: A Commonsense View 53
3.2 How Do We Know? Difficulties with Aristotelian Physics 53
3.3 The Law of Inertia: The Foundation of Newtonian Physics 56
3.4 Measuring Motion: Speed and Velocity 59
3.5 Measuring Motion: Acceleration 61 3.6* Falling 63
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 66
CHAPTER 4 Why Things Move as They Do 70
4.1 Force: Why Things Accelerate 71
4.2 Connecting Force and Acceleration 72
4.3 Newton’s Law of Motion: Centerpiece of Newtonian Physics 75
4.4 Weight: Gravity’s Force on a Body 78
4.5* The Law of Force Pairs: You Can’t Do Just One Thing 79
4.6* Newton Meets the Automobile 81
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 85
CHAPTER 5 Newton’s Universe 90
5.1 The Idea of Gravity: The Apple and the Moon 91
5.2 The Law of Gravity: Moving the Farthest Star 94
5.3* Gravitational Collapse: The Evolution of the Solar System 99
5.4* Gravitational Collapse: The Deaths of More Massive Stars 102
5.5 The Newtonian Worldview: A Democratic, Mechanical Universe 106
5.6 Beyond Newton: Limitations of Newtonian Physics 108
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 110
PART 3 TRANSITION TO THE NEW PHYSICS 115
CHAPTER 6 Conservation of Energy: You Can’t Get Ahead— 116
6.1 Work: Using a Force to Move Something 117
6.2 Work and Energy: A Simple Example 118
6.3 A Quantitative Look at Energy 119
6.4 Energy: The Ability to Do Work 121
6.5 The Law of Energy: Energy Is Forever 123
6.6 Transformations of Energy 125
6.7 Power: The Quickness of Energy Transformation 127
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 130
CHAPTER 7 Second Law of Thermodynamics: —and You Can’t Even Break Even 135
7.1 Heating 136
7.2 Heat Engines: Using Thermal Energy to Do Work 137
7.3 Energy Quality: Things Run Down 140
7.4* The Law of Entropy: Why You Can’t Break Even 140
7.5* The Automobile 143
7.6* Transportation Efficiency 147
7.7 The Steam–Electric Power Plant 149
7.8* Resource Use and Exponential Growth 152
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 157
CHAPTER 8 Light and Electromagnetism 162
8.1 Waves: Something Else That Travels 163
8.2 Interference: A Behavior Unique to Waves 165
8.3 Light: Particles or Wave? 168
8.4 Electricity: Part of the Electromagnetic Force 171
8.5 Magnetism: The Other Part 172
8.6 The Electric Atom 174
8.7 The Planetary Model of the Atom: A Useful Theory 178
8.8 Force Fields: A Disturbance of Space 181
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 185
CHAPTER 9 Electromagnetic Radiation and Global Climate Change 190
9.1 The Electromagnetic Wave Theory of Light 190
9.2 The Decline of the Newtonian Universe 195
9.3 The Complete Spectrum 196
9.4 Solar Radiation: The Light from Our Star 199
9.5* Global Ozone Depletion: A Vulnerable Planet 201
9.6* Global Warming: Provoking the Beast 206
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 215
PART 4THE POST-NEWTONIAN UNIVERSE: THE OBSERVER INTRUDES 219
CHAPTER 10 The Special Theory of Relativity 220
10.1 Einstein: Rebel with a Cause 221
10.2 Galilean Relativity: Relativity According to Newtonian Physics 222
10.3 The Principle of Relativity 224
10.4 The Constancy of Lightspeed: Strange But True 225
10.5 The Relativity of Time 229
10.6 Time Travel: You Can’t Go Home Again 233
10.7 The Relativity of Space and Mass 235
10.8 E = mc2: Energy Has Mass, and Mass Has Energy 239
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 243
CHAPTER 11 *The General Theory of Relativity and the New Cosmology 248
11.1 Einstein’s Gravity: The General Theory of Relativity 249
11.2 The Big Bang 254
11.3 The Possible Geometries of the Universe 256
11.4 The Shape of the Universe 258
11.5 Dark Matter 259
11.6 The Accelerating Universe and Dark Energy 261
11.7 Cosmic Inflation and a Brief History of the Universe 264
Answers, concepts, review, exercises 269
CHAPTER 12 *The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 272
12.1 Are There Other “Good” Places for Life? 273
12.2 Does Life Originate on “Good” Planets? 276
12.3 Is Intelligence a Characteristic Feature of Life? 280
12.4 Does Intelligent Life Develop Technology? 282
12.5 Interstellar Communication and Travel: Might We Make Contact? 283
12.6 Fermi’s Question: Where Is Everybody? 286
12.7 UFOs and Pseudoscience 289
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 295
CHAPTER 13 The Quantum Idea 298
13.1 The Post-Newtonian Revolution 298
13.2 The Quantization of Light 300
13.3 The Quantum World 304
13.4 Electron Interference: The Waviness of Matter 306
13.5 The Quantum Mystery of Matter 312
13.6 Nature Is Nonlocal, and Uncertain 313
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 317
CHAPTER 14 The Quantum Universe 320
14.1 The Uncertainty Principle: The Future Is Not Determined by the Past 320
14.2 The Effect of Observation 325 14.3* Quantum Nonlocality: Spooky Action at a Distance 330
14.4 What Does It Mean? Quantum Reality 334
14.5 Toward a Post-Newtonian Worldview 336
14.6* How Do We Know? Observing Atomic Spectra 338
14.7* The Quantum Atom 341
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 348
PART 5 WITHIN THE ATOM: FIRE OF THE NUCLEUS, FIRE OF THE SUN 353
CHAPTER 15 The Nucleus and Radioactivity: A New Force— 354
15.1 Nuclear Forces: The Third Glue 355
15.2 Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Structure 356
15.3 Radioactive Decay: Spontaneous Nuclear Disintegration 358
15.4 Half-Life: When Does a Nucleus Decay? 362
15.5* Radioactive Dating: When Did We Come From? 364
15.6* Human Exposure to Ionizing Radiation 368
15.7* Risk Assessment: Dealing with Risk in a Technological Society 372
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 376
CHAPTER 16 Fusion and Fission: —and a New Energy 380
16.1 Fusion: Fire of the Sun 381
16.2 The Nuclear Energy Curve 384
16.3 The Origin of the Elements: We’re Made of Star Stuff 386
16.4 The Discovery of Fission: Passage to a New Age 387
16.5 The Chain Reaction: Unlocking Nuclear Forces 391
16.6* The Manhattan Project and Fission Weapons 394
16.7* Fusion Weapons: Star Fire on Earth 399
16.8* Nuclear Terrorism 401
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 404
CHAPTER 17 *The Energy Challenge 408
17.1 A Brief History of Energy 409
17.2 Energy Use Today and Tomorrow 412
17.3 Nuclear Power: How It Works 417
17.4 Technology Assessment: An Example 420
17.5 Issues for Nuclear Power 423
17.6 Future Energy Options: Renewables 426
17.7 Future Energy Options: Using Less 431
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 435
CHAPTER 18 *Quantum Fields: Relativity Meets the Quantum 439
18.1 Quantized Fields: The Reason There Are Particles 439
18.2 Quantum Electrodynamics: The Strange Theory of Electrons and Light 441
18.3 Antimatter 444
18.4 Electroweak Unification and Neutrinos 449
18.5 The Strong Force and Quarks 454
18.6 Quantum Gravity: Physics at the Planck Scale 460
Answers, concepts, review, exercises, problems 466
Epilogue: Summing Up 469