Astrophysics in a Nutshell > 물리학

Preface xi
Constants and Units xv
Introduction 1
Observational Techniques 2
Problems 8
Stars: Basic Observations 10
Review of Blackbody Radiation 10
Measurement of Stellar Parameters 14
The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 27
Problems 29
Stellar Physics 31
Hydrostatic Equilibrium and the Virial Theorem 32
Mass Continuity 36
Radiative Energy Transport 36
Energy Conservation 41
The Equations of Stellar Structure 42
The Equation of State 43
Opacity 45
Scaling Relations on the Main Sequence 46
Nuclear Energy Production 48
Nuclear Reaction Rates 53
Solution of the Equations of Stellar Structure 58
Convection 58
Problems 61
Stellar Evolution and Stellar Remnants 65
Stellar Evolution 65
White Dwarfs 69
Supernovae and Neutron Stars 81
Pulsars and Supernova Remnants 88
Black Holes 95
Interacting Binaries 99
Problems 108
Star Formation, H II Regions, and the Interstellar Medium 114
Cloud Collapse and Star Formation 114
H II Regions 122
Components of the Interstellar Medium 133
Dynamics of Star-forming Regions 136
Problems 137
The Milky Way and Other Galaxies 140
Structure of the Milky Way 140
Galaxy Demographics 162
Active Galactic Nuclei and Quasars 165
Groups and Clusters of Galaxies 171
Problems 175
Cosmology: Basic Observations 178
The Olbers Paradox 178
Extragalactic Distances 179
Hubble\'s Law 185
Age of the Universe from Cosmic Clocks 187
Isotropy of the Universe 188
Problems 189
Big Bang Cosmology 190
The Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Metric 190
The Friedmann Equations 193
History and Future of the Universe 196
A Newtonian Derivation of the Friedmann Equations 202
Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe 204
Problems 206
Tests and Probes of Big Bang Cosmology 209
Cosmological Redshift and Hubble\'s Law 209
The Cosmic Microwave Background 213
Anisotropy of the Microwave Background 217
Nucleosynthesis of the Light Elements 223
Quasars and Other Distant Sources as Cosmological Probes 226
Problems 229
Recommended Reading and Websites 235
Index 239